This report reveals the deep and often invisible reality of violence directed against Indigenous, peasant, and environmental defenders around the world. Drawing on a newly consolidated global dataset developed by ALLIED, it goes beyond the surface of lethal violence to shed light on non-lethal attacks—often underreported—that make up the vast submerged portion of the iceberg.

The report describes how violence is embedded in contexts of land conflicts, industrial interests, and weak governance, fueled by resource extraction, industrial agriculture, and infrastructure projects. The data show that Indigenous peoples, although they represent a minority of the world’s population, are disproportionately targeted.

Numerous national case studies—from Colombia and India to Tanzania and Uganda—illustrate recurring patterns of intimidation, arbitrary arrests, threats, and harassment. The report highlights how repeated attacks can pave the way for more severe violence or assassinations, underscoring the importance of preventive intervention and strengthened protection for these defenders.